Approaches Of Psychology And Psychology - 1465 Words

Approaches of psychology essay Fray Brittany Mr. Perez Psych Pd.7 11 Sept. 2015 Word Count: 1,449 Psychology is a very complex thing to understand to make it easier it is split up. There are different ways to interpret the big picture in psychology it makes senses for people to do so. There are five approaches to psychology and they are Cognitive, Behavioral, Biological, Humanistic, and Psychodynamic. All of these approaches are different from one another but can sometimes be used together to get a better understanding. â€Å"Behaviorist Approach emphasis the role of environmental stimuli in determining the way we act. In large measure, this means focusing on learning- changes in behavior which occur as the result of experience (Glassman, Hadad 100). Everything we know about behaviorism is through observation and experimentation, it doesn’t concern itself with internal thoughts such thinking or emotions they also believe that people have no free will. Our surrounding and environment are the components that determine our behavior. It is believed that when we are born our minds are â€Å"Tabula Rasa† or blank slate waiting to learn from our environment. It is believed all our behavior is developed through conditioning. For example, Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist conducted an experiment where he rang a bell and immediately gave a dog food causing the dog to salivate before it was given the food. When he rang the bell and there wasn’t any food the dog would still have the sameS how MoreRelatedContemporary Approaches to Psychology768 Words   |  4 PagesContemporary Approaches to Psychology The Latin prefix â€Å"psych† is translated into â€Å"mind or soul†. The suffix â€Å"ology† means the â€Å"study of†. Therefore, the study of behavior and mental processes is known as psychology. This field of study deals with animal and human behavior to the environment to which they are exposed. The purpose of psychologists studying the behavior of their â€Å"subjects†, or the people or animals being observed or tested, is to find four main things. These goals are to describeRead MoreThe Theoretical Approaches Of Psychology1651 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology is the scientific â€Å"study of the mind† (Gross, 2015) and behaviour, which includes the study of humans and animals. There are various approaches in modern psychology. A theoretical approach is a perspective which is someone’s view about human behaviour, there can be many different theories within an approach, however they all piece together the same assumptions. (McLeod, 2007). A theory is an attempt by theorists to try to explain behaviour. Theories are not facts but can be verified byRead MoreThe Psychological Approaches Of Psychology885 Words   |  4 PagesThere are different psychological approaches in psychology. I mentioned these in great detail in my previous assignment; I will now di scuss the different psychological approaches to health practice. The psychological approaches are; Behaviourist, Psychodynamic, Humanistic. The behaviourist theory is all about teaching behaviour whether it is appropriate of not when you can see the changes in behaviour is when you know it has worked. The behavioural learning technique is the result of conditioningRead MorePsychology And Christianity : Integrative Approaches Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pages A 4MAT Review of Entwistle’s Text: Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Stacy H. McConville Liberty University Online A 4MAT Review of Entwistle’s Text: Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Summary David N. Entwistle in his book titled Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity: An Introduction to Worldview Issues, Philosophical Foundations, and ModelsRead MoreThe Contribution of Different Approaches to Psychology for the Development of Modern Psychology1147 Words   |  5 Pages Psychology is a vast field which consists of theories and approaches where it involves certain assumptions on human behavior. How they function and the aspects of the behavior that needs to be studied, in addition to the research methods that are needed to be followed in order to understand it thoroughly. These approaches provide characteristic viewpoints and emphasize different factors. These approaches have contributed towards the development of modern psychology in various ways. Read MoreIntegrative Approaches Of Psychology And Christianity1495 Words   |  6 Pages Summary â€Å"Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity, An Introduction to Worldview Issues, Philosophical Foundations and Models of Integration† is a book written by David N. Entwistle that offers insight and awareness to the relationship between psychology and theology. Psychology and theology share a common interest in the nature and purpose of human beings. This book introduces worldview issues and a philosophical source that provides a framework of the relationship between the scienceRead MoreIntegrative Approaches Of Psychology And Christianity1331 Words   |  6 Pages4-MAT Review: Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Summary Even though some people walk the same path they may see different things. Some may see things in the theological way with God’s presence everywhere they look and everything they do. Some may see it in a psychological way, always looking for the explanation of why something is the way it is. Together, theology and psychology can bring a different view and perspective that they never would have saw by themselves. Many peopleRead MoreIntegrative Approaches Of Psychology And Christianity1529 Words   |  7 PagesIn his book, â€Å"Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity,† David Entwistle (2010) provides a persuasive discourse for the assimilation of psychology and theology; secular and religious disciplines that present a â€Å"multifaceted dialogue shaped by historical interactions and tensions.† (p. 51) Of the two systems, psychology is by much of the Church thought to advocate reason over revelation whereas theology is, by more secular-leaning scholars, thought to be wanting of intellect. With TertullianRead MoreTheoretical Approaches And Theories Of Psychology1803 Words   |  8 PagesAnalyse theoretical approaches to psychology In this essay I will be looking at different approaches and theories used in psychology. The behaviourists believed that all behaviour is learned through the environment. They suggest that we learn through classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning was discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov 1902. Classical conditioning suggests that all behaviour is learnt through association. Pavlov discovered this through hisRead MoreTwo Approaches In Psychology Essay2019 Words   |  9 PagesTwo Approaches In Psychology In 1900, Sigmund Freud, a neurologist living in Vienna, first published his psychoanalytic theory of personality in which the unconscious mind played a crucial role. Freud combined the then current cognitive notions of consciousness, perception and memory with ideas of biologically based instincts, to make a bold new theory of psychodynamics. Freuds theory, which forms the basis of the psychodynamic approach, represented a challenge

Fast Food Is Responsible For The Biggest Legacy Of Food...

Golden Arches Fast food is the term given to food that is prepared and served very quickly, first popularized in the 1950s in the United States. The â€Å"fast food† term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with preheated or precooked ingredients, and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-out/take-away. Once you take your first bite you only find yourself coming back for more. Fast food is responsible for the biggest legacy in food industry, plays the biggest role in our economy and has taken part in our society’s pop culture. â€Å"As automobiles became popular and more affordable following World War lI, drive-in restaurants were introduced.† (Graczyk, Mark. Drive-in Restaurants of the ’50s and ’60s. The Daily News†¦show more content†¦People are not going out to buy these products they prefer to go out to consume food already made. Since McDonald’s is the biggest purchaser of the main food consumed in America, they are controlling what the animals are being fed. To keep everything on fast food menus at a low price companies have to find new ways to make more with less money. â€Å"Fast food serves 50 million Americans daily.† (â€Å"How Fast Food Has Changed Our Nation. One Green Planet. N.p., n.d.) Millions of people in America depend on fast food for breakfast, lunch and dinner. With 160,000 fast food restaurants there is one on every street corner making it easier than it ever has been before to buy fast food. McDonalds alone opens 2000 new restaurants annually. â€Å"Fast food industry is the highest employer of minimum wage workers in the country† (Langfield, Amy. In Tough Economy, Fast Food Workers Grow Old. NBC News. N.p., Apr.-May 2013). You would think that most of their employers would be teenagers wanting to earn extra pocket change; actually the average worker is from twenty-five to twenty-nine years old. However these people don’t want the job for extra cash, they’re trying to make an honest living. Car payments, phone bill, electric, water, gas, rent, living from pay check to pay check. â€Å"In the United States, consumers spent $160 billion on fast food in 2012 (up from$6 billion in 1970). In total the US restaurant industry had projected sales of $660.5 billion in 2013.†

Case Study about Dominant Market Segment of Adidas’ Target Market

Question: Young people are a dominant market segment of Adidas target market. Justify whether you feel that this restricts the market for their products, or do you feel that they are doing the correct thing? Answer: Its very difficult for a company to connect to all the customers in large, broad or diverse markets. Adidas has done the right thing by targeting the young people. It knows very well that it has always been associated with sports of all kind and it is something that they can serve best. Obviously as each and every individual is different so each consumer has a different set of needs and a single brand alone is not sufficient to cater each and every segment. (Perner) Adidas brand is based on the passion for distinction in sports and creative for athletes perform to as best to their ability. Youngsters are the one who follow sports more actively and are as such a brand face for them. (Wilson, 2010) As an example when the name Adidas is recalled the only thing that comes in your mind are sports, youth and a lot of energy this happens because it has positioned itself in the market as a brand that has supported many iconic athletes to achieve great things. It is very important from the point of a view of a marketer to know the target market. It is very easy and simple to explain say that you cant cover the entire market with one blanket. If Adidas as an example tries targeting everyone the message that it delivers would be undefined and wont be able to satisfy any of its customers. As for Adidas targeting is the very correct step as the customers who purchase Adidas are in accordance with anything and everything that it is offering. In this way it is a segment that would be the loyal cutomers for the Adidas whatsoever happens to it they would stick to it entirely. (Hamaleinko, 2010) As everyone knows that time and resources are the most important things wasting them on things that seem disinteresting to your business would not be suitable. Adidas has taken a smart move by targeting most of its efforts on one direction as it knows that it is better to focus your entire money and resources on pleasing and offering those customers who expect innovative and creativity from it rather than diversifying into different segments. (Belzer, 2015) For Adidas targeting has been a very profitable decision from the very start it was because of this that Adidas came to know that their demographic is the young innovative and energetic people who tried to experiment with the new stuff that was available and was being offered by Adidas. Adidas knew very well that if it fails to perform a target market analysis before launching its products, the target audience would have never known about their business because as of then they wont have know the ways to target their ,meassage to their intended audience. By learning about the needs and expectations of its target audience it has tailored its offerings before the launch so in short they dont to worry about working backward. This also helps them ensure that their each every minute and cent has been spent in a nice manner. (Hainer) In the world of globalisation it is necessary that the products are tailored to a specific customer who makes up revenue for the company.The market segmentation allowed Adidas to reach a consumer having specific needs and wants and who ssociated with it. In the long run, this has benefittes Adidas as through it is able to use its corporate resources in an effective manner and has taken batter strategic decisions. (Bose, 2012) The need for segmenting arised for Adidas as it felt that market is not homogeneous. For each and every product the market is divided into different customer groups. And it is easier for them when they know their target market. (Teece, 2010) Adidas has always believed that targeting should be done for a segment that you are after and this has helped them reach their target audience pretty easily. The major realization has been the fact that major investments in marketing are not essential to achieve the desired outcomes. The companys greater focus and high effectiveness embedded in their marketing plan has helped them in their vision and helped in attaining better returns on the capital invested. It knows that each customer has different wants, needs and tastes. Customers often want to be the fashion leads. To achieve this, they focus on purchasing certain and specific styles and are willing to pay a premium for it. Most are also shoppers who desire value for money and bargain for best value. The Adidas as an organization faces a dilemma to target the both markets simultaneously with a single product. There are cases where a high priced product may not be so valued by a bargaining customer. One of the major challenges remains the correct identification of the brands target population. The company knows that survival of the business in the competitive times is mainly based on the target populations choice and behaviour assessment and understanding what they want. They have known for a fact that brands like them who can feel the choices and bring the right products to the market have a better probability of convincing the investors. Distinguishing between audiences has made it easier for them to determine that youth is the segment that truly does help them in supporting their business and them and has made them understand that for them they are more than one time purchase customers. (Goyat, 2012) Works Cited Belzer, J. (2015)Adidas Launches Adigirl Clothing Line Targeting Female Athletes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonbelzer/2015/08/06/adidas-launches-adigirl-clothing-line-targeting-female-athletes/ (Accessed: 22 August 2015). Bose, T. K. (2012) Market Segmentation and Customer Focus Strategies and Their Contribution towards Effective Value Chain Management,International Journal of Marketing Studies, . Goyat, S. (2011) The basis of market segmentation: a critical review of literature,European Journal of Business and Management, 3. Hainer, H. (2015)Strategy Overview. Available at: https://www.adidas-group.com/en/group/strategy-overview/ (Accessed: 22 August 2015). Hamaleinko, S. (no date)Adidas Target Audience. Available at: https://www.mindmeister.com/34165392/adidas-target-audience (Accessed: 22 August 2015). Perner, L. (no date)Introduction to Marketing. Available at: https://www.consumerpsychologist.com/marketing_introduction.html (Accessed: 22 August 2015).Teece, D. J. (2010) Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation,Long Range Planning, 43(2-3), pp. 172194. doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.003. Wilson, J. (2010)Adidas targets US youngsters for sales. Available at: https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c13f7b72-eb3a-11df-811d-00144feab49a.html (Accessed: 22 August 2015).

V. Nascent Jurisprudence on Intergenerational Equity Essay Example

V. Nascent Jurisprudence on Intergenerational Equity Paper Introduction Over the last forty years, environmental law (both internationally and in domestic jurisdictions across the world) has increasingly been required to address the special issues created by geographically and temporally disparate damage and causes. Environmental harm can be long lasting or irreversible, or can remain undiscovered for many years, even after the practices causing it have ceased. In other words, some environmental harm is not only spatially but also temporally disconnected from its causes. Climate change presents a clear example: the harm likely to be caused by climate change in the future will be far removed in time from its causes (which include greenhouse gas emissions dating from the time of the Industrial Revolution). Environmental law has come a long way since its early focus on assigning liability for point source pollution. Nonetheless, a better capacity to deal with the temporally disparate nature of the causes and effects of environmental damage is long overdue. The principle of intergenerational equity, which provides a particular focus on temporal relations, has great potential as means of resolving environmental problems in which current interests conflict with the reasonably identifiable interests of future generations. This Chapter’s analysis of the jurisprudence relating to the principle, hitherto underexamined, provides a new focus on the practical implications of the principle of intergenerational equity when enforced by courts. Before going further, it is necessary to define the concept of intergenerational equity, both in its general sense and in the legal context in which it occurs in this Chapter. At its most basic level, a principle of intergenerational equity is a principle that promotes equitable relationships between generations. We will write a custom essay sample on V. Nascent Jurisprudence on Intergenerational Equity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on V. Nascent Jurisprudence on Intergenerational Equity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on V. Nascent Jurisprudence on Intergenerational Equity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is based on the notion that justice between generations requires equity between generations. As with any application of equity, what constitutes an equitable relationship in an intergenerational context is essentially a normative question. That is to say, a principle of intergenerational equity should address such issues as whether all people have equal moral status (or, practically speaking, whether and to what extent future generations’ interests should be discounted), and what distributive principles should apply between generations. What a principle of intergenerational equity would require in any one case is likely to vary; this is why an examination on real case law on the principle is so useful. While a general definition of intergenerational equity is therefore in essence a framework (an idea discussed further below), several observations can be made about the principle in the abstract. First, in distinction to most principles of equity, a principle of intergenerational equity does not seek to address imbalances within society, but rather to preserve opportunity universally for future generations; it is focused on temporal rather than geographic distributional issues. Second, the timeframe over which a principle of intergenerational equity can be said to operate must, for practical purposes, be limited. The classical economics approach of applying a discount rate to future values is useful for comparing options or impacts over the near future, but becomes problematic over long timeframes, when future lives at any meaningful discount rate become nearly worthless. If the principle of intergenerational equity is to serve a useful purpose, the timeframe over which it is considered must have some inherent relevance to decision-makers (whether legislators or jurors); it must be able to form part of a narrative about what justice requires. Relevant timeframes over which a principle operates therefore could be, for example, sixty years (the rough time lapse between a grandparent’s birth that of her grandchild), or ninety years (the length of a long human life). The exact timeframe relevant to the principle may vary as long as it has some underlying meaning for decision-makers. In a legal context, the definition of intergenerational equity becomes more solid. The most cited definition of intergenerational equity in a legal context is that of Edith Brown Weiss, who presented a theory of intergenerational equity in 1989, writing from an international environmental law perspective. Her premise is that ‘[e]very generation needs to pass the Earth and our natural and cultural resources on in at least as good condition as we received them.’ According to Brown Weiss, three principles of intergenerational equity can be derived from this premise. These principles require that the current generation: ‘Conserv[e] the diversity of the natural resource base so that future generations can use it to satisfy their on values’; ‘Ensur[e] the quality of the environment is on balance comparable between generations’; and Pro vide ‘non-discriminatory access among generations to the Earth and its resources.’ While providing some substance to the concept, Brown Weiss’s definition nonetheless leaves much open to interpretation. Similarly, international law provides a sense of what a principle of intergenerational equity might require, but references to the principle remain vague. For example, Principle 3 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) states that ‘the right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.’ Refining the definition further, at a domestic level, Australian law provides the strongest exemplar of the principle; in Australia a single statement of the principle of intergenerational equity exists throughout the state and territory legislation: the present generation should ensure that the health, diversity and productivity of the environment is maintained or enhanced for the benefit of future generations. This particular formulation makes no explicit statement about the moral status of future generations or the way in which resources should be distributed over time: these esse ntial concerns have been left to the judiciary to determine through case law. At all levels therefore – general and legal, international and domestic – definitions or statements of intergenerational equity provide little more than a framework upon which enforceable requirements might be built. For this reason, it is jurisprudence, the practical application of the principle of intergenerational equity, that provides the strongest insight into its practical implications. Scholarship on intergenerational equity over the years has been largely normative in character – it seeks to explain why a principle of intergenerational equity is desirable. Much less work has been done to understand the practical implications of judges’ application of the principle to factual situations. This Chapter seeks to fill that gap. A review of relevant literature and case law internationally shows that very few cases have addressed the concept of intergenerational equity. Only in Australia does a nascent jurisprudence on the principle of intergenerational equity appear to have formed. This Chapter therefore presents an analysis of the existing jurisprudence on intergenerational equity. The principle is striking in its ambition. As the examination of its definition indicates, it has received attention on the world stage, most notably as a concept informing a number of international conventions, including, most obviously, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992). It is somewhat surprising, then, that it has thus far had limited application in practice. Nonetheless, the ramifications of its application, however infrequent, must not be underestimated. The most significant case law in the field internationally has been generated in Australia; three decisions from the New South Wales Land and Environment Court are examined here: Gray v Minister for Planning, Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning, and Walker v Minister for Planning. The use of Australian cases to elucidate the nature and requirements of the principle should not be construed as limiting the arguments and implications of this work to the Australian context. On the contrary, the issues raised in this Chapter are relevant to all common law jurisdictions and go to the heart of humanity’s prospects for addressing long-term environmental problems. The Australian case law on intergenerational equity raises several salient issues. First, Australia’s legislative provision with respect to intergenerational equity leaves much of the responsibility for determining the content or practical consequences of the principle to judges. Given the difficult y inherent in legislating for long-term goals, these cases highlight the potential for the judiciary, as an independent and tenured political branch, to develop systematic protection for the interests of future generations. Second, the Australian example suggests that legislative temptation might be overcome by judicial foresight and prudence in this area. If this is true, its implications for democracy should be assessed. Third, the case law indicates that the principle of intergenerational equity requires decision-makers to consider cumulative environmental impact, hinting at a radical change in the way that environmental harm is assessed: it represents a clear departure from earlier interpretations of environmental harm, which were largely concerned with point source pollution (pollution originating an identifiable and discrete time and place). It also underscores a judicial willingness to recognise the long time-horizon of many environmental problems. Fourth, cases on the princi ple of intergenerational equity may require judges to prioritise the interests of future generations over those of current generations to some extent. As such, an examination of the early case law on intergenerational equity must bring us to question whether intergenerational equity and intra-generational equity are mutually reinforcing, as is often claimed. These points are significant. Finally, a set of implications can be drawn from the fact that all of these cases are all based in administrative law. While the use of administrative law as a form of environmental redress has advantages in the context of the principle of intergenerational equity (in particular, it provides a preventative rather than reactive remedy), it also has several limitations. In particular, the broader applicability of decisions made under the New South Wales Land and Environment Court’s special merits review jurisdiction is somewhat uncertain. Moreover, there appears to be a trend toward viewing the principle of intergenerational equity as an element environmental impact assessment, rather than a broad principle of environmental law; this risks limiting its scope. The Chapter proceeds as follows. The first section outlines where the principle of intergenerational equity is situated within both international law and domestic jurisdictions. The second section looks at how courts have given effect to the principle in practice, focusing on the Australian context, where the most relevant cases appear. Three cases from the Land and Environment Court in New South Wales are analysed: Gray v Minister for Planning, Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning, and Walker v Minister for Planning, all of which have contributed to the nascent practical formulation of the principle of intergenerational equity. The final section discusses the implications of these decisions for environmental law both in Australia and beyond. What is intergenerational equity? The concept of interge nerational equity (which is sometimes described as a principle, and other times merely a concept or theory) presents a potential legal solution to environmental problems whose effects are likely to be spread unevenly over time, or across generations, because of its explicit reference (in the legislation relevant to this Chapter) to needs or benefit of future generations. Before wading into the legal potential of the concept, however, it is worth briefly tracing its relevance in philosophy and economics, as these have direct bearing on its use in law. Part of the failure of law to facilitate justice effectively over extended time periods within the context of the environment is a product of the difficulty more generally of constructing a satisfactory regime for determining justice between individuals who are not contemporaries. Only relatively recently have Western philosophers included the question of justice between generations in more detailed and sophisticated theories of justice . In doing so, they have addressed questions arising from the wider notion of justice between generations: how do we know what future generations will want or need? How do we determine what is just for people who do not yet exist? And how do we prioritise justice for future generations when there is an abundance of injustice within the current generation? Many philosophers, including John Rawls, see justice between generations as reliant on a sort of intergenerational social contract. Brown Weiss relies on a similar notion of intergenerational obligation to justify her ‘Planetary Trust’ argument, which states that each generation holds the planet on trust for the next. By contrast, others have argued that a comprehensive understanding of intergenerational justice must find foundations outside of the notion of social contract. For example, some have situated a basis for cultivating intergenerational justice within individuals’ self-interest, or within the vulnerab ility of future generations vis-Ã  -vis current generations. It is beyond the scope of this Chapter to evaluate these competing theoretical bases for determining justice between generations. However, it is worth stressing that for some, the questions raised above suggest that justice between generations can be achieved by the attainment of equity between generations. It is this approach, largely through the influence of Brown Weiss and the Rio Conference, that has influenced the cases examined in this Chapter, and the development of much legal thinking on the topic more generally. Economists have also addressed the concept of intergenerational equity, focussing largely on how discount rates should be set in order compare policies whose effects will be felt over long timeframes, by many generations. The setting of a discount rate has deep ethical implications. As Derek Parfit and Tyler Cowen note, with a discount rate of 10 percent, one life today is worth the equivalent of one mill ion lives in 145 years. Moreover, the setting of a discount rate relies on a series of uncertain assumptions about the future. It does, however, have practical value for policy evaluation. For example, according to the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development, the Netherlands and Norway use ‘generational accounts’ in order to help determine the fiscal sustainability of current government projects. The United Kingdom and the United States have the ability to produce generational accounts, but have recently stopped doing so. In generational accounting, the ethical implications of discount rates become practical. Not surprisingly, as Paul Portney and John Weyant note, ‘even the best minds in the [economic] profession’ feel a sense of ‘unease’ about discounting. The difficulty that economists face in selecting an appropriate discount rate is a testament to the complex ethical and practical issues surrounding the concept of intergenerati onal equity. In law, the concept of intergenerational equity remains largely in the realm of theory; we are unsure, often, of what it signifies in practice. This is partially due to the definitional vagueness of the concept. For example, the terms of the concept, as they appear in Principle 3 of the Rio Declaration (‘the right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations’), are so wide that they give little insight into how they might be applied in a particular factual situation. This formulation of the concept immediately raises a number of questions, including what ought to happen if members of different generations prefer different outcomes to the same problem; the Rio Declaration’s notion of intergenerational equity disregards the potential for conflict within a generation. The question of how effect might be given to such terms, and whether they indicate something more than m ere aspiration, is addressed below. As Birnie et al. note: ‘the essential point of the theory [of intergenerational equity], that mankind has a responsibility for the future, and that this is an inherent component of sustainable development, is incontrovertible, however expressed. The question then becomes one of implementation.’ More than anything the ambiguity surrounding the real implications of the concept have to do with its infrequent application to factual situations. This section examines the legal sources of the concept of intergenerational equity, drawing upon international law material and domestic legislation. While the term ‘intergenerational equity’ per se does not appear in any international agreement, references to concern for future generations in some international agreements suggest that a concept (and perhaps even a principle) of intergenerational equity exists. The term intergenerational equity also appears infrequently within domestic legislation in several jurisdictions around the globe. Australia is one country in which the term has found its way into a number of domestic legislative instruments. In Australian legislation, the concept is referred to as ‘the principle of intergenerational equity’, and that terminology is adopted when referring to the Australian context. Next Page – International Legal Sources of Intergenerational Equity Previous Page – Legal Context

Using Significant Figures and Scientific Notation

Using Significant Figures and Scientific Notation When making a measurement, a scientist can only reach a certain level of precision, limited either by the tools being used or the physical nature of the situation. The most obvious example is measuring distance. Consider what happens when measuring the distance an object moved using a tape measure (in metric units). The tape measure is likely broken down into the smallest units of millimeters. Therefore, theres no way that you can measure with a precision greater than a millimeter. If the object moves 57.215493 millimeters, therefore, we can only tell for sure that it moved 57 millimeters (or 5.7 centimeters or 0.057 meters, depending on the preference in that situation). In general, this level of rounding is fine. Getting the precise movement of a normal-sized object down to a millimeter would be a pretty impressive achievement, actually. Imagine trying to measure the motion of a car to the millimeter, and youll see that,  in general, this isnt necessary. In the cases where such precision is necessary, youll be using tools that are much more sophisticated than a tape measure. The number of meaningful numbers in a measurement is called the number of significant figures of the number. In the earlier example, the 57-millimeter answer would provide us with 2 significant figures in our measurement. Zeroes and Significant Figures Consider the number 5,200. Unless told otherwise, it is generally the common practice to assume that only the two non-zero digits are significant. In other words, it is assumed that this number was rounded  to the nearest hundred. However, if the number is written as 5,200.0, then it would have five significant figures. The decimal point and following zero is only added if the measurement is precise to that level. Similarly, the number 2.30 would have three significant figures, because the zero at the end is an indication that the scientist doing the measurement did so at that level of precision. Some textbooks have also introduced the convention that a decimal point at the end of a whole number indicates significant figures as well. So 800. would have three significant figures while 800 has only one significant figure. Again, this is somewhat variable depending on the textbook. Following are some examples of different numbers of significant figures, to help solidify the concept: One significant figure49000.00002Two significant figures3.70.005968,0005.0Three significant figures9.640.0036099,9008.00900. (in some textbooks) Mathematics With Significant Figures Scientific figures provide some different rules for mathematics than what you are introduced to in your mathematics class. The key in using significant figures is to be sure that you are maintaining the same level of precision throughout the calculation. In mathematics, you keep all of the numbers from your result, while in scientific work you frequently round based on the significant figures involved. When adding or subtracting scientific data, it is only last digit (the digit the furthest to the right) which matters. For example, lets assume that were adding three different distances: 5.324 6.8459834 3.1 The first term in the addition problem has four significant figures, the second has eight, and the third has only two. The precision, in this case, is determined by the shortest decimal point. So you will perform your calculation, but instead of 15.2699834 the result will be 15.3, because you will round to the tenths place (the first place after the decimal point), because while two of your measurements are more precise the third cant tell you anything more than the tenths place, so the result of this addition problem can only be that precise as well. Note that your final answer, in this case, has three significant figures, while none of your starting numbers did. This can be very confusing to beginners, and its important to pay attention to that property of addition and subtraction. When multiplying or dividing scientific data, on the other hand, the number of significant figures do matter. Multiplying significant figures will always result in a solution that has the same significant figures as the smallest significant figures you started with. So, on to the example: 5.638 x 3.1 The first factor has four significant figures and the second factor has two significant figures. Your solution will, therefore, end up with two significant figures. In this case, it will be 17 instead of 17.4778. You perform the calculation then round your solution to the correct number of significant figures. The extra precision in the multiplication wont hurt, you just dont want to give a false level of precision in your final solution. Using Scientific Notation Physics deals with realms of space from the size of less than a proton to the size of the universe. As such, you end up dealing with some very large and very small numbers. Generally, only the first few of these numbers are significant. No one is going to (or able to) measure the width of the universe to the nearest millimeter. Note This portion of the article deals with manipulating exponential numbers (i.e. 105, 10-8, etc.) and it is assumed that the reader has a grasp of these mathematical concepts. Though the topic can be tricky for many students, it is beyond the scope of this article to address. In order to manipulate these numbers easily, scientists use  scientific notation. The significant figures are listed, then multiplied by ten to the necessary power. The speed of light is written as: [blackquote shadeno]2.997925 x 108  m/s There are 7 significant figures and this is much better than writing 299,792,500 m/s. Note The speed of light is frequently written as 3.00 x 108  m/s, in which case there are only three significant figures. Again, this is a matter of what level of precision is necessary. This notation is very handy for multiplication. You follow the rules described earlier for multiplying the significant numbers, keeping the smallest number of significant figures, and then you multiply the magnitudes, which follows the additive rule of exponents. The following example should help you visualize it: 2.3 x 103  x 3.19 x 104   7.3 x 107 The product has only two significant figures and the order of magnitude is 107  because 103  x 104   107 Adding scientific notation can be very easy or very tricky, depending on the situation. If the terms are of the same order of magnitude (i.e. 4.3005 x 105  and 13.5 x 105), then you follow the addition rules discussed earlier, keeping the highest place value as your rounding location and keeping the magnitude the same, as in the following example: 4.3005 x 105   13.5 x 105   17.8 x 105 If the order of magnitude is different, however, you have to work a bit to get the magnitudes the same, as in the following example, where one term is on the magnitude of 105  and the other term is on the magnitude of 106: 4.8 x 105   9.2 x 106   4.8 x 105   92 x 105   97 x 105or4.8 x 105   9.2 x 106   0.48 x 106   9.2 x 106   9.7 x 106 Both of these solutions are the same, resulting in 9,700,000 as the answer. Similarly, very small numbers are frequently written in scientific notation as well, though with a negative exponent on the magnitude instead of the positive exponent. The mass of an electron is: 9.10939 x 10-31  kg This would be a zero, followed by a decimal point, followed by 30  zeroes, then the series of 6 significant figures. No one wants to write that out, so scientific notation is our friend. All the rules outlined above are the same, regardless of whether the exponent is positive or negative. The Limits of Significant Figures Significant figures are a basic means that scientists use to provide a measure of precision to the numbers they are using. The rounding process involved still introduces a measure of error into the numbers, however, and in very high-level computations there are other statistical methods that get used. For virtually all of the physics that will be done in the high school and college-level classrooms, however, correct use of significant figures will be sufficient to maintain the required level of precision. Final Comments Significant figures can be a significant stumbling block when first introduced to  students because it alters some of the basic mathematical rules that they have been taught for years. With significant figures, 4 x 12 50, for example. Similarly, the introduction of scientific notation to students who may not be fully comfortable with exponents or exponential rules can also create problems. Keep in mind that these are tools which everyone who studies science had to learn at some point, and the rules are actually very basic. The trouble is almost entirely remembering which rule is applied at which time. When do I add exponents and when do I subtract them? When do I move the decimal point to the left and when to the right? If you keep practicing these tasks, youll get better at them until they become second nature. Finally, maintaining proper units can be tricky. Remember that you cant directly add centimeters and meters, for example, but must first convert them into the same scale. This is a common mistake for beginners but, like the rest, it is something that can very easily be overcome by slowing down, being careful, and thinking about what youre doing.

Solons Constitution and the Rise of Democracy

Solons Constitution and the Rise of Democracy And all the others were called Thetes, who were not admitted to any office, but could come to the assembly, and act as jurors; which at first seemed nothing, but afterwards was found an enormous privilege, as almost every matter of dispute came before them in this latter capacity.- Plutarch Life of Solon Reforms of Solons Constitution After dealing with the immediate crises in 6th century Athens, Solon redefined citizenship so as to create the foundations of democracy. Before Solon, the eupatridai (nobles) had a monopoly on the government by virtue of their birth. Solon replaced this hereditary aristocracy with one based on wealth. In the new system, there were four propertied classes in Attica (greater Athens). Depending on how much property they owned, citizens were entitled to run for certain offices denied those lower on the property scale. In return for holding more positions, they were expected to contribute more. Those who were worth 500 measures of fruits, dry and liquid, he placed in the first rank, calling them Pentacosiomedimni (note the prefix meaning five);Those who could keep a horse, or were worth three hundred measures, were named Hippada Teluntes, and made the second class (note the hipp- prefix meaning horse);The Zeugitae, who had two hundred measures, were in the third (note the zeug- is thought to refer to a yoke).Solon added, as a fourth class, the thetes, serfs with only a small amount of property. Classes (Review) PentacosiomedimnoiHippeisZeugitaiThetes Offices to which members could be elected (by class) PentacosiomedimnoiTreasurer,Archons,Financial officials, and theBoule.HippeisArchons,Financial officials, and theBoule.ZeugitaiFinancial officials, and theBouleThetes Property Qualification and Military Obligation Pentacosiomedimnoiproduced 500 measures or more of produce per year.Hippeis (cavalry)produced 300 measures.Zeugitai (hoplites)produced 200 measures.Thetesdidnt produce enough for the military census. It is thought that Solon was the first to admit the thetes to the ekklesia (assembly), the meeting of all citizens of Attica. The ekklesia had a say in appointing archons and could also listen to accusations against them. The citizenry also formed a judicial body (dikasteria), which heard many legal cases. Under Solon, rules were relaxed as to who could bring a case to court. Earlier, the only ones who could do so were the injured party or his family, but now, except in cases of homicide, anyone could. Solon may also have established the boule, or Council of 400, to determine what should be discussed in the ekklesia. One hundred men from each of the four tribes (but only those in the upper three classes) would have been picked by lot to form this group. However, since the word boule would also have been used by the Areopagus, and since Cleisthenes created a boule of 500, there is cause to doubt this Solonian accomplishment. The magistrates or archons may have been selected by lot and election. If so, each tribe elected 10 candidates. From the 40 candidates, nine archons were selected by lot each year. This system would have minimized influence-peddling while giving the gods the ultimate say. However, in his Politics, Aristotle says the archons were selected the way they had been before Draco, with the exception that all citizens had the right to vote. Those archons who had completed their year in office were enrolled in the Council of the Areopagus. Since archons could only come from the top three classes, its composition was entirely aristocratic. It was considered a censoring body and the guardian of the laws. The ekklesia had the power to try archons at the end of their year in office. Since the ekklesia probably selected the archons, and since, in time, it became common practice to make legal appeals to the ekklesia, the ekklesia (i.e., the people) had the supreme power. References J.B. Bury. A History of Greece.Reed Colleges David Silvermans Early Athenian Institutions (http://homer.reed.edu/GkHist/EarlyAthenianLect.html)John Porters Solon (http://duke.usask.ca/~porterj/CourseNotes/SolonNotes.html)Athenian Democracy (keele.ac.uk/depts/cl/iahcla~7.htm)Ancient Greece: Athens (wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GREECE/ATHENS.HTM)

The Impact of Leadership Servants on the Attitude of Managers and Essay

The Impact of Leadership Servants on the Attitude of Managers and Employees in Five Star Hotels in Oakland California, the USA - Essay Example Servant-Leadership is a practical philosophy which supports people who decide to serve first, and then lead as a way of rising service to individuals and institutions. Servant-leaders may or may not hold formal leadership positions. Servant-leadership encourages teamwork, trust, forethought, listening, and the ethical use of power and empowerment (Associated Newspapers, 2000, Pg. 37). No doubt the Oakland California hotels, suites & resorts journey information index page is helpful for tourist. This research has been build up by means of the wherewithal of more than a dozen reservation services so that can determine the premium deals on Oakland hotels. Some of these reservation systems proffer exacting accessibility, great negotiate rates, deals and discounts these are noticeable with a colored star (Graham, J.W. 2001, 105-119). No doubt, Influx of latest residents clamoring for amenities and sign of restaurant, edifying venue and night club breach are breathing latest life into downtown Oakland (Bass, B. M., 2001, 231-272). Eager to exploit on this impetus and attract summer revelers, the city of Oakland has developed, a many-sided marketing movement intended to bring more patrons into downtown otels and previous key sharing points all through Oakland, the direct is also "downloadable" from the city's new interactive, searchable. Beginning this month, the guide will also be present at two high-traffic San Francisco locations (B. M. 2005). 1.3 Leadership Servants On The Attitude Of Managers And Employees According to the expert analysis Servant leadership is all about the people who actually make a disparity in the real world. If one is to give a declared idea as to what it is servant leadership is in lots of ways is the uppermost spiritual path. A good leader serves somewhat beyond him, and cannot only provide sense to his own life, but to those of others (Bass, Bernard 2005). A surveillance of the columns offers us with the information that servant leadership does not go hand in hand with the behaviors of the academic inspiration grid. Whereas a study of the rows shows that servant leadership has less importance on leader behaviors connected with the significance of individuals at a moving level and less spotlight on learning from others (Bass, B. M. 2004). Servant leadership and originality argue that servant leadership tends to exploit the diversification of previously within reach form of creativity (Beazley, H., 2002). A distinction in leadership focus" mentions that the only distinction in these two leadership style is the focal point of the leader whereas if we are too look at the matrix, servant leadershi

Can we trust othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 18000 words

Can we trust othello - Essay Example because we added it later to the part we have submitted earlier ,so it seems he skipped the first part including the methodology which was not revised ,but it is not problem . So , what is left now is the changes according to his comment and the conclusion . I will contact the administration about what you have asked about ,but please try to keep with me for the last and sooner I wish to have the revised update with the conclusion and the division of the chapters . The tutor comments by saying â€Å"I’ve underlined where I have suggested changes to the text .COMMENTS are in bold. it will be necessary for you to group some of the sections ,into chapters. That will make the whole discussion much easier to read . In addition to several eminent theatrical works such as Macbeth, Hamlet and King Lear, Shakespeare is renowned the world over for working on a fourth eminent work that has been famously known as ‘Othello’. Othello, thus completes the quartet of four great tragedies produced by perhaps the greatest playwright mankind has ever witnessed. Othello has been the favorite of critics the world over and has served to become the apex of Shakespeare’s work of theatrical plays and as such is unique among Shakespeare’s known works on tragedies. However, the other three works, namely King Lear. Macbeth or Hamlet, are set against a backdrop of state affairs, whereas Othello has been found to focus on the private world with a primary focus on the lives and passions of its main characters (Bradley, 1904, pg. 21). Without doubt, Othello has often been termed as a ‘tragedy of character’. The swiftness with which Othello descends into the ocean of jealousy combined with a fit of rage and the manner in which his deputy Iago is able to utilize the strengths of his dazzling villainy have long fascinated students of Theatre and arts apart from regular critics of the play. One of the primary reasons behind such a fascination and amazement can be attributed to

Medical Ethics Essay Example for Free

Medical Ethics Essay Medical interventions always possess two possible outcomes in every situation or case. The principle of double effect is the actual ethics that governs the conditions of alternatives. The main concept that it utilizes is the thought that persons are faced with decision that cannot be avoided and, in the circumstances, the decision will cause both desirable and undesirable effects. Considering the value ethics involved in every intervention implemented, the risk factors should always be considered. Essentially speaking, the principle of double effect involves the critical assessment of the situation considering the fact that the choices being made greatly impact a life of an individual. In an ethical controversy of maternal-fetal conditions wherein the mother is suffering from a case of complications that lead to the severe necessity of evacuating the conception product. The case possesses no other alternatives, and has greatly compromised both life conditions of the mother and the fetus. Moreover, if medical intervention is not implemented as soon as possible both lives shall be endangered severely. In some part of logical implication, some might categorize such action as direct attempt of killing; essentially since, either of the mother’s life or the fetal life needs to be sacrificed in order to save one. In such case of saving life through resuscitation, if the significant relatives or others imposed the negation of such life saving treatment for the patient provided with the considerations of higher good than evil, it is not considered anymore as actions of euthanasia nor direct killing. The medical provider is not anymore liable if incase the patient suffered from any untoward conditions that requires resuscitation, however in the end resulted to death, as it is already a directed will of the patient and the support groups. The principle of total effect protects no singular parts or single levels of life. In fact, it does even consider the whole or total person as a whole. The whole or total person is what is sacred and has rights. To promote parts or lower levels independently of the person’s totality would violate just the quality of life considerations. The medical provider should consider the treatment interventions not only for the benefit of a single part, but rather every aspect of the whole body, such as the effect of the therapy or medical intervention on other parts of the body. Psychotherapy involves the utmost obligation to facilitate the psychological health and well-being of the society. As far as medico-ethics is concerned, psychiatrists possess such responsibility of conjuring psychological health to the people. Such principle involves the concept of the divine as well as the societal requirement of psychological health linked together with the guidelines of psychotherapeutical interventions. Such principle considers man as a psychic unit and total aspect of a person as a whole. Considering the fact that man functions as a whole, psychiatric therapy should revolve in every aspect of a person not only on particularities of disease, disorder, or signs and symptoms but rather as a whole unified being. However, still in response to this perspective, the concept of the individual should still deal in the specifics and objective details of an individual. The guide protocols of this principle are the fact that man is a unified unit of the community that requires social interactions, and morality considerations over the psychological interventions. Rights to Health Care The general principle of health care greatly considers that every individual possesses the right to have unconditional, indiscriminate, and with no considerations on an individual’s society. The rights of health care, by law, divine protocols and natural necessities, should be ethically available for every individual. As for the ever conjuring issues in terms of impairment of the delivery of health care, it is both the responsibility of the patient and the health care provider to facilitate maximum health care potential. The health seeking behavior is expected for the patients requiring health care needs as their responsibility, while health care information dissemination, motivation and encouragement are the ethical duties of the health care providers. With the advent of managerial, profit-oriented and progressive modernization, the principle of the health care basic right is arguably being violated in some sense. As the fact states, at least 35 million Americans cannot afford proper health care delivery system for them due to either expensive medical insurance requirements or poverty. As for the both interacting requirement, most of the public, especially those living in or below poverty line, undeniably obtains their medical care from governmental provisions, which are not always sufficient to consider every individual’s health care needs. In fact, Medicaid insurance, which is a public insurance firm that caters mostly for the financially incapacitated individuals, is extensively and progressively increasing. However, the worst case of such Medicaid provision is that sickness status possesses a marginal requirement to consider a person a candidate for health care treatment. In such case, the health care status of these individuals worsens before they can even attain their due medical interventions. Another controversy is the rising patients of Medicare insurance, which is a public governmental firm that caters to elderly health care welfare. Due to the increasing number of those that cannot afford geriatric care necessities, the last option for these elders is to obtain the care that the government hospitals provide. However, there are cases wherein these elderly incapacitated individuals are being eagerly discharged by the hospital. Adding on to the situation is the increasing profit-oriented hospital firms, which perceives delivery of care as business-money-earning sources. Such condition is beginning to coincide and dominate the health care market, which if not regulated, may even caused further decline of health care obtainment by the public due to financial incongruencies. Considering that the incidence of poverty in the public is increasing, incapabilities of health care insurance to support the appropriate and adequate requirements of their beneficiaries, and the increasing incidence of profit oriented hospitals, greatly contributes to the health care scarcity and health care status of the society. Essentially speaking, such condition possesses the possibility of aggravating the morbidity and mortality ratings in the society. Such case is considered indeed as violations of the ethical principle of right of health care. On the contrary, such protocols are necessary in order to keep the hospital and medical insurance organizations surviving. Although, the evident consequence of such scenario is the increasing individuals suffering from health care impairments. As far as the ethical principle, rights of health care, is concerned, such occurring scenario violates the fundamental ethics of health care. Suffering Even with subjective evidences or manifestations, the concept of suffering seems central for the most fundamental concerns of bioethics. Suffering is in part constituted by the experience of a profound evil, as the Old Testament denotes, or threat to our sense of self and identity that we are unable to control. IT is the experience of the inexplicably arbitrary and typically destructive. Suffering is not of course an end of religious experience but a problem demanding interpretation. Religions traditions have historically tried to give meaning to suffering by placing the experience in a context of broader questions about ultimate purpose in life, and even human destiny beyond life. Suffering is knowledge of evil but is not evil in itself. Frequently its existence serves as a helpful spiritual or physical warning that something is amiss. Physical pain is often first sign of a serious illness; it informs us that something has gone wrong and that we need medical assistance. Of course, sometimes we become aware of evil but are unable to do anything about the situation. The evil is not in our knowledge of a certain state of affairs but in the state of affairs themselves. While we experience our knowledge of these evils as suffering, the knowledge itself remains a basic good. As salvation denotes liberation from evil, Christ liberates man from sin by means of His cross, that is, by means of suffering. The work of salvation is a labor of suffering. Every person is called to participate personally in that suffering through which our redemption has been accomplished and through which all suffering was redeemed. Suffering, symbolizes by the Cross, is the one universal door through which all must pass to enter the kingdom of God. While on the human level suffering is an â€Å"emptying,† on the divine level it is a glorifying or a â€Å"filling up† and an invitation to manifest the moral greatness of man. The glory of suffering cannot be seen in the martyrs, but also in those who, while not believing in Christ, suffer and give their lives for the truth. As for a Christian perspective, suffering is an opportunity for everyone to experience the power of God and share in the work of redemption. In the midst of each individual’s suffering, Christ is present to share that person’s suffering-just as He invites each of us to share His sufferings. This inter-participation of suffering unites our sufferings and Christ’s sufferings, as well as uniting us with Christ personally. In terms of the medical ethics application, suffering is for both patient and the health care provider to share; however, one must not join each one and extend the same negative feelings but rather, facilitate as the motivator and alleviator of sufferings. The greatest part of relieving the patient from the occurring suffering is on the part of the health care provider, as they are the ones who are responsible for the alleviation of such condition. The suffering of undergoing the case of alleviation and the suffering of alleviating the patient itself are the two considered faces of suffering, which has to be considered in every ethical case action. In is indeed necessary to think that the difficulties imposed by the situation is carried by both interacting parties and not one alone.

Murder in Shakespeares Macbeth :: essays research papers

Macbeth is a true Shakespearian tragedy, in which mast murders take place, in order for one man and women to take the throne and become king and queen. It starts with Duncan’s murder, which is done because Macbeth did not want to see Duncan’s son next in line for the throne and the only way to prevent that was by eliminating Duncan. The nest murder was that of Banquo. Banquo is a friend of Macbeth and his murder is un-predictable. Macbeth may have feared that if he did not kill Banquo, Banquo would kill him in order to gain a position power seeing that the witch’s just informed both Macbeth and Banquo that Macbeth will be the next King of Scotland and Banquo will never have the chance to hold the throne. Once Banquo is out of the way, Macbeth turns his attention to his real target, King MaCduff. Although at first hesitant about killing MaCduff, Macbeth chooses to murder MaCduff, a man who Macbeth himself said was a good man and a fine leader. The last mur der is of MaCduff’s family. Macbeth can not take any chances and must kill any associated with the former king (King MaCduff). The murder of MaCduff’s wife and son is the most vicious crime of them all because for one we see the killing on stage and number two a child is murdered, the most vicious and horrific thing one can show. Macbeth murders for personal gain and has no regrets or else he would not have continued his mass slaughtering. Macbeth is responsible for these murders because he commits them himself, without any assistance, he kills everyone out of necessity, and because all these acts were done out of free will. The underlining fact in the play is that Macbeth kills these people all by himself, there is no accomplice and therefore if this were brought to a court of law the only person who would be found guilty of murder would be Macbeth. There is no crime for saying â€Å"go and kill that person,† there is only a crime for actually killing a person. Also, Macbeth’s killings resulted in Macbeth gaining a position of power he wanted. He says â€Å"The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step on which I must fall down, or else o'erleap, for in my way it lies.

Analysing The Baby Bonus Scheme Health And Social Care Essay

For the past few old ages, aging population has been the chief concern faced by several developed states. British Columbia is one state that faced an aging population. Much research was conducted in this state to work out the job and it was revealed that the chief cause of this state of affairs is the worsening of birthrate rate over decennaries [ 1 ] . Entire Fertility Rate ( TFR ) is defined as the figure of kids an mean adult female would hold presuming that she lives her full generative life-time [ 2 ] . Considered as a developed state, Singapore has besides faced a serious job of worsening TFR. With TFR of 1.16 in 2010 [ 3 ] , Singapore is ranked hundred-and-seventieth [ 4 ] in the universe and arguably one of the lowest TFR in the universe. Singapore authorities has implemented some policies to promote Singaporean to hold more kids, and hence increase the TFR. The latest and most comprehensive policy to this terminal is the babe fillip strategy. A group of research workers from Melbourne Institution of Applied Economics and Social Research investigated the consequence of babe fillip towards TFR. Based on their theoretical account ; baby fillip exerted a little positive consequence on birthrate purpose which leaded to a positive impact on birthrate rate. The consequence seemed to be stronger for 2nd and perchance higher-order numbered kids. In add-on, the consequence showed that fillip consequence is lasting [ 5 ] . However this survey could non find that the consequence would be similar in local context, Singapore. Since there is no formal research particular on look intoing TFR and pamper fillip strategy, our research will concentrate chiefly on look intoing the effectivity of babe fillip on TFR and position of the immature coevals with respects to this strategy. We regard a policy is effectual when it is able to change by reversal the current diminishing tendency of TFR. We will besides look into the most of import factor that peoples consider with respects to be aftering for kids. Suggestions that will function to better the effectivity of this policy will be given every bit good. The expected consequence for our analysis is that babe fillip is less effectual in increasing Singaporeis TFR. Other factors such as the psychological-thinking and societal factors which may impact TFR will non be included in our survey. To do our research clearer and all-rounded, we introduce two subdivisions under debut, which describe the worsening tendency of TFR from 1990 to 2000 and reexamine the factors that affect TFR. The treatment of this paper will be separated into two chief parts, which are the method subdivision and consequences and treatment subdivision. The first portion will concentrate on explicating our study method and stuffs that we obtained from authorities records. Under the consequence subdivision, we will discourse our analysis utilizing primary and secondary informations. The treatment focuses on effectivity of baby fillip policy in Singapore. Finally in the decision subdivision we will sum up the important findings of our survey and specify the background for future research to deduce better methods to get by with birthrate. 1.1 Singapore Demographic Pattern Figure 1.1 The new way of policy since the 1990is is in stressing the importance of get downing a household and holding multiple kids to a successful and all-around life. As seen from figure above, the TFR has continued to worsen steadily throughout the late ninetiess and early 2000s. This has raised concerns to the authorities as it is below the replacing rate of 2.1 [ 6 ] that is needed by Singapore. 1.2 Review of factors impacting TFR 1.2.1. Education derived function and alterations in political orientation Education gives one a strong head of their ain in prosecuting their dreams that include a stable and esteemed calling. A twenty-four hours of 24 hours will be used to prosecute their dreams, go forthing minimum clip for household planning and childbirth. Puting high value on work by both females and males would increase the chance cost of holding kids. This might explicate the falling tendency in TFR. 1.2.2. Fiscal grounds The lifting costs of life and holding babes are discouraging newly-weds from childbearing. The mean earning of an employee is about S $ 4000 per month in 2010 [ 7 ] . If we were to take merely two most basic disbursals, kid lovingness fees and hospitalization measures that are incurred during and instantly after gestating, we can cognize that fiscal load is an disposed account for the worsening TFR in Singapore. Childcare services are priced at S $ 776 and S $ 572 for mean full twenty-four hours and half twenty-four hours fees severally in 2010 [ 8 ] . While hospitalization fee for female parents after bringing in an mean ward of B2 fluctuates between S $ 1000 and S $ 1200 [ 9 ] . The entire charge for these two constituents of expected disbursals can amount to S $ 2000, which is already half of the wage of an mean worker in Singapore. Such high degree of disbursement on one kid can so deter a important figure of newly-weds in holding kids, and our analysis is non even taking into hi story the changeless economy of financess for advanced acquisition and schooling in Singapore every bit good as day-to-day disbursals on nutrient and vesture for the kid. Clearly, childbearing is non an easy undertaking as it takes old ages of support from the point of gestating till the point of independency. Fiscal restraints can possibly be the most of import ground why there is a diminution in TFR observed in Singapore. 2. Method We use secondary and primary informations to discourse the effectivity of babe fillip strategy. Secondary information was obtained from administrative records while primary informations was taken from study. The sample of our study was NTU undergraduates aged from 19 to 26 and selected by convenience sampling. We restricted our sample merely on Singaporeans and Singaporean PRs because babe fillip strategy is more eligible to them. The targeted size was 100 participants, 50 males and 50 females. A pilot study was done on 50 respondents with our drafted sample study. We received feedback that our inquiries were insistent and ill-defined. Leading inquiries were besides heedlessly included. Some of the open-ended inquiries were left space, demoing that the inquiries discouraged participants to reply wholly. Consequences shown from this pilot study were inconsistent and hard to analyse accurately. To better on our research work, we conducted another study with freshly phrased inquiries which are simpler and more straightforward. At the start, we had inquiries aiming the figure of kids our respondents are be aftering to hold. The consequences here gave us a unsmooth thought of the TFR that Singapore will hold with its current subsidy policies in topographic point. Subsequently, we required respondents to rank the factors that affect their determination on the figure of kids they were to hold. The most highly-ranked factors can help Singapore in planing or revising constabularies for greater impact on Singaporeis TFR. Next, we had inquiry taking to happen out whether babe fillip had a say in their household planning. This was to find the comparative importance of babe fillip strategy. Relatively high importance placed by Singaporean will let greater infinite for control over the population size. We besides suggested a superior system for Singaporeis authorities inducement strategy to happen out about the policy that authorities should concentrate on. Last, we welcomed suggestions from respondents to give them an avenue for showcasing their point of views sing the subsidy policies in inquiry. 3. Result and Discussion The Baby Bonus Scheme is a two-tiered strategy, comprising of a direct hard currency gift from the authorities and a co-saving agreement in which the authorities lucifers dollar for dollar the sum parents put into a Child Development Account ( CDA ) , capable to a maximal sum [ 10 ] . It was foremost implemented in 2001. With the babe fillip strategy, 2nd or 3rd kid can convey important pecuniary benefits for the parents from 2001 [ 10 ] . The Baby Bonus Scheme did assist to settle the concerns of twosomes who find the fiscal load of raising a kid excessively heavy to bear. Monetary wagess given out to parents can be used subsidise the childis early old ages of instruction and medical demands. Figure 3.1 Table 3.2 From the figure above, we noticed that between 1997 and 1998, TFR dropped significantly by 0.15, compared to a twelvemonth before where the lessening was 0.06. We notice that there was a important difference in the lessening. A possible account is that Asiatic fiscal crisis had taken topographic point during 1997-1998 and this might back up our outlook that fiscal factors are impacting the determination of twosomes to hold kids. The authorities may therefore make up one's mind to undertake the low TFR job from the fiscal facet by implementing babe fillip strategy in 2001. 3.1. Secondary informations Figure 3.2 shows that after execution of the babe fillip policy, the TFR from 2001-2004 dropped by 0.15. In the span of four old ages ( 1997-2000 ) we observed that TFR had dropped by 0.20. Comparing these two Numberss, TFR still falls, but it is falling at a diminishing rate, this suggests that babe fillip is so effectual to a certain extent. There was a alteration of policy in 2004 because the declared end of returning birthrate to replacement had non been achieved. Under the new strategy, the hard currency gift that parents received from the authorities was increased for the first to 4th born kid. Looking at period of 2004-2008, there was an overall addition of TFR by 0.02. Further sweetening was done in 2008. However looking at the TFR tendency, it showed a autumn of TFR by 0.12 from 2008-2010. Hence, the effectivity of babe fillip is so problematic. In decision, the execution of babe fillip is good in assisting to decelerate down the lessening in TFR but it was non able to change by reversal the tendency. This shows that baby fillip policy is uneffective in increasing the TFR. 3.2. Primary informations The consequences attained from our study will be brooding of the younger coevals about their position towards the authorities subsidy policies. 3.2.1 Entire Fertility Rate Figure 3.3 Figure 3.3 shows that 56 % our participants planned to hold a two kids and 20 % of them chose three kids. The per centum of people non be aftering to hold any kid is 10 % . This can be interpreted that most of the respondents will be willing to hold kids. TFR Gender Female Male Both female and male Average or average 1.76 2.3 2.03 Standard Error ( Deviation ) 0.87037 0.99488 0.96875 Table 3.4 To specify the entire birthrate rate more accurately, we will look into the different in expected TFR for both genders. Our findings show that if male is the determination shaper, the TFR will be 2.3 and if it is female, the expected TFR is 1.76. To acquire an accurate scope for the expected Entire Fertility Rate, we will use the interval appraisal method. We used 95 % assurance interval ( C.I ) as our base. For given a, ( 100- 100a ) % assurance interval means that ( 100- 100a ) % in chance that the true value of this TFR is inside this estimated interval. Hence, the value of a is equal to 0.05 if we use 95 % C.I. The lower edge of assurance interval is defined as ( X-tn-1 ( a /2 ) * s/vn ) , and ( X+ tn-1 ( a /2 ) * s/vn ) is the upper edge for assurance interval. We get the value of tn-1 ( a /2 ) from the t-distribution tabular array. Explanations: 1. N is the sample size 2. Ten is the mean ( refer to postpone 3.4 ) 3. s is defined as standard mistake ( mention to postpone 3.4 ) 4. t49 ( 0.025 ) = 2.01 and t99 ( 0.025 ) = 1.984 Therefore, the estimated interval of TFR when male is the determination shaper is 2.01720 = TFR = 2.58280 While the estimated interval of TFR when female is the determination shaper is 1.51259 = TFR = 2.00741. As the optimal TFR of the authorities is 2.1 [ 6 ] , we can see that if female was the determination shaper, the TFR is below 2.1. However, in doing determination of holding kids, it is non up to one person merely but a joint determination by both male and female. Therefore, it will be more appropriate if we consider the norm TFR as the expected TFR in the hereafter. The expected TFR in the hereafter is between 1.83780 and 2.22220 utilizing the interval appraisal method 3.2.2 Ranking of factors Figure 3.5 The above information show the figure of participants that give rank i1i for the factor that they consider as the most of import with respects to child planning. Consequences revealed that 58 out of 100 respondents chose fiscal factors, followed by calling with 19 out of 100 participants. This consequence supported our outlook that fiscal is the most influential factor with respects to be aftering for kids. Hence, our research will be valuable in helping to better the TFR. 3.2.3 Baby fillip strategy Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7 Figure 3.6 shows that 90 % of the respondents knew the babe fillip strategy, this suggests that the participants are cognizant of the babe fillip strategy. From figure 3.7, 50 % of the participantis determination is affected by the babe fillip strategy. With this sum, we might non be able to reason that it is effectual. However, sing the state of affairs without the strategy, the TFR that we calculated supra has a high likeliness that it is traveling to be lower. This is because half of the participants might make up one's mind to take down their figure of kids planned if babe fillip strategy had non been implemented. Hence, the effectivity of babe fillip is problematic. Figure 3.8 The figure above shows the grounds why Baby Bonus does non impact participantsi determination. 24 out of 50 people thought that babe fillip subsidy is deficient. This shows that they are non satisfied with the current strategy. If pecuniary benefits to be increased, there is a high possibility that this strategy will be more important to increase the TFR. This is besides supported by the grounds, that babe fillip alteration in 2004 was effectual, as TFR increased by 0.02. Figure 3.9 Figure 3.9 shows the figure of participants that give rank i1i for the authorities subsidy policies that they consider as the most of import. As shown above, there is important figure of participants that prioritized health care, instruction and lodging loan with 27 % , 26 % and 25 % severally. However, merely 9 % of the participants chose baby fillip policy as the most of import policy. This shows that authorities should non concentrate their alteration of policies merely on babe fillip. The information suggested that there is an emerging tendency, that people are more disquieted about wellness attention, instruction and lodging affairs. Hence it is advisable that the authorities looks into these three subsidy policies in greater deepness to increase the Singaporeis TFR. Figure 3.10 Figure 3.11 If we separate our treatment into different genders, the impact of babe fillip strategy is greater on males. Referred to calculate 3.10 and 3.11, 60 % of the maleis determination was affected by the strategy, while 40 % of female participants were affected. This shows that babe fillip strategy plays a larger function in act uponing the maleis determination. Uniting the findings, TFR is below the replacing rate of 2.1 if female is the determination shaper. This means authorities should aim more on females and seek to increase the figure of kids they would be after to hold to increase the TFR. As shown from the figure 3.5, females considered fiscal factor as their precedence with 32 out of 50 female participants ranking it as figure 1. With this, focal point should still be given to fiscal factors, such as increasing pecuniary benefits to increase the willingness of adult females to hold more kids. Merely 40 % of the femaleis determination was affected by the babe fillip. We can deduce that increasing the subsidy for babe fillip may be less effectual. Hence, greater focal point should be placed on other subsidy benefits such as health care subsidy, instruction and lodging loans as shown from the figure 3.9. 4. Decision This undertaking studied the impact of Singaporeis babe fillip policy on its entire birthrate rate. Baby fillip policy is non effectual in change by reversaling the tendency of the TFR. However, credits have to be given to pamper fillip as TFR was worsening at a diminishing rate. From our study, we conclude that fiscal facet is the most of import factor in oneis determination in household planning. We found that the expected TFR for female is below the replacing rate ; therefore greater focal point should be put on females. Greater accent should besides be placed on wellness attention, instruction and lodging affairs. One restriction of our undertaking could be found in our study sample. Because the study is conducted within school compounds, we treated all Singaporean respondents as a homogeneous group of highly-educated personal. This is non representative for the whole of Singapore population. We would urge future research to be conducted on a more heterogenous study sample so tha t Singaporean of all backgrounds can be reached.

Of Mice and Men †Life in America in the 1930’s Essay

â€Å"Of mice and men† by John Steinbeck tells the story of life in 1930’s America during the great depression, about the dreams, lifestyle, racism and sexism, which had become a way of life for the characters in Steinbeck’s book. I will be discussing these points to determine exactly what life in 1930’s American was like. Life in 1930’s America was very lonely, George tells us that â€Å"†¦guys like us†¦are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They don’t belong no place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Many of the other ranch hands share the same feeling. This is also made apparent by the fact that most people think that there has to be something wrong if two men travel together because nobody takes that much care of somebody else, Slim’s comment to this is â€Å"†¦ I never seen one guy take so much trouble for another guy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  George and Lennie’s new boss is also suspicious, he asks George, referring to Lennie, â€Å"†¦what stake you got in this guy?†¦Ã¢â‚¬  George feels he has to lie and tells the boss that Lennie is † †¦my†¦Cousin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The other ranch hands don’t interact with each other this is shown when Candy says to George â€Å"†¦a guy on the ranch don’t never listen nor he don’ t ask no questions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this quote emphasises how private the menn keep their lives. Slim is an exception to this as he is always willing to talk if others wish to. However many of the others, despite their urge to talk, seem to be less inviting or trustworthy. George and Lennie seem to be an exception to this general life. They â€Å"†¦got somebody to talk to that gives a damn†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Slim describes what living on a ranch does to a man and really how lonely it is that â€Å"†¦they get mean†¦ they get so they don’t want to talk to anybody†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The average ranch hand gets â€Å"†¦ fifty bucks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  they â€Å"..go in old susy’s place†¦ you can get a shot for two bits†¦Ã¢â‚¬  they describe this as â€Å"†¦ jus’ the usual thing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and George describes how most ranch hands are constantly moving from ranch to ranch â€Å"†¦they come to a ranch an’ work up a stake and then they go into town and blow their stake, and the first thing you know they’re poundin’ their tail on some other ranch†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The conditions in which the migrant workers lived were primitive. Bunkhouse walls were whitewashed, the floor unpainted. There were eight bunks in the bunkhouse, which showed that there was a lack of privacy for the men. Even their few personal belongings were on public display â€Å"†¦over each bunk there was nailed an apple-box with the opening forward so that it made two shelves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The only places for the men to sit were boxes. George saw that the conditions were also unhygienic when he found a can in his apple-box which said â€Å"†¦positively kills lice, roaches and other scourges†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The life style in 1930’s America was not one of luxury, it was full of hard times, low wages and little opportunity. Crooks the Stable buck dreams about going back to a world much like his childhood, without prejudice. Many of the men on the ranch are very racist, including the boss, even though the boss is described as a â€Å"pretty nice guy† he â€Å"give the stable buck hell†. An example of racial prejudice is when Carlson casually refers to the stable buck as a â€Å"†¦nigger†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . George does not react to this reference, which shows that it is a commonly used word. Also the prejudice against coloured people is again shown as the stable buck, who is a coloured man, is not permitted to sleep in the bunkhouse along with the other migrant workers. The stable buck is also not usually allowed to join in with any activities and we are shown this when Carlson explains how, at Christmas, â€Å"†¦they let the nigger come in that night†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The conditions in Crooks room are just as bad as the rest of the ranch, Crooks bed is â€Å"a long box filled with straw, on which his blankets were flung†. Even though Crooks has his own room his life is extremely lonely, being the only coloured man on the ranch the only contact he has with others is when he is asked to do something. Crooks teases Lennie referring to George â€Å"well, s’pose, just s’pose he don’t come back. What’l you do then?† the point crooks was trying to make by teasing Lennie was how its like on your own with no one, and that Lennie is very lucky to have George because, Crooks has no one and isn’t allowed in the bunk house. Again disrespect for the ranch workers is shown when Curley’s Wife refer’s to them as â€Å"†¦a bunch of bindle stifts – a nigger an’ a dum-dum and a lousy ol’ sheep†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the ranch workers world seems to contain quite a lot of prejudice, both racial and sexual. Curley’s Wife lashes out at Crooks when he tells her â€Å"you got no rights comin’ in a coloured man’s room† Crooks is forced to draw into himself and add covers of mental protection, because Curley’s Wife show’s how racism is very much a part of life in the 1930’s, her next words to Crooks are some of the harshest â€Å"well keep your place, then, nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t even funny†. The Sexual prejudice in 1930’s America is very obvious, the men at the ranch make this point clear because, they assume that Curley’s Wife is â€Å"†¦a tart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  because she comes into the bunk house and supposedly gives Slim and Carlson â€Å"†¦the eye†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . It later becomes clearer that what she actually wishes to gain from her visits to the bunk house is company. This shows that the ranch is a very lonely place for her too. Curley’s Wife has a dream, although her dream is different from the men on the ranch. Instead of something to call her own, she wants fame. She is unhappy with her husband , and his constant stories of who is going to beat up next: â€Å"sure I gotta husban’. You allseen him. Swell guy, ain’t he?†. When she is talking to Lennie, alone in the barn, she recounts her obviously well told stories of her offers of fame. She seems to have a deep regret that she didn’t take up either men on their offers â€Å"if I’d went, I wouldn’t be livin’ like this, you bet†. The scene in Crooks room revealed that Curley’s Wife isn’t really â€Å"†¦a tart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , she is just extremely lonely, and all she really wants is company and someone to talk to. I think the reason she lashes out at Crooks is because she has just had enough of people not wanting to talk to her, or asking her to go away Crooks tells Curley’s Wife â€Å"now you jus’ get out, an’ get out quick. If you don’t, I’m gonna ast the boss not to let you come in the barn no more†. Tragically Lennie and Curley’s Wife die, I feel very sorry for the both of them, Curley’s Wife, because she always wished for fame and a comfortable life. Curley’s Wife did not seem likely to achieve her dreams. Even if she wasn’t murdered, she was stuck in a rut with Curley, a rut that she would have gone round and round in until he left her for a new woman, or she finally built up the courage to leave him. Also someone who is referred to throughout an entire story as someone’s possession does not make a likely major character. Their marriage did not seem to be one that was destined to last until they died of natural causes. But Curley’s Wife did die, and her death seemed to be a release â€Å"†¦ discontent and the ache for attention were all gone from her face†. I also feel very sorry for Lennie, he was also described in the story as some kind of possession, he was George’s companion. Lennie’s child-like-mind and behaviour don’t make the ideal major character, I think all Lennie really thought about during the whole story was â€Å"Livin’ off the fatta the lan'† and â€Å"tending the rabbit’s†. I think Lennie knew what the dream was but for him it was tending rabbits. George and Lennie’s dream is a simple one – they want land to call their own. Candy sums the feeling up well: â€Å"Every body wants a bit of land, not much. Jus’ som’thin’ that was his†. Crooks has also seen it all before: â€Å"I seen guys nearly crazy with loneliness for land, but ever’ time a whorehouse or a blackjack game took what it takes†. This shows that the dream of owning land is very common among all ranch workers. George’s dream, although extremely similar to Lennie’s , is probably more detailed and complicated. Lennie thinks as far as â€Å"tendin’ the rabbits†, but George has to worry about whether it would be possible to really â€Å"live offa fatta of the lan'†, or would they starve? I think Candy grasped so readily on George and Lennie’s dream because, Candy knew that â€Å"Jus’ as soon as I can’t swamp out no bunk-houses they’ll put me on the county†, I think he also knows that if he doesn’t get a place soon he is just going to die on the ranch, sad and alone because the men on the ranch wont care. Maybe Lennie did get his dream, in one way or the other. As George is preparing to kill Lennie, he tells him one last time about â€Å"how ità ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s gonna be.† This last bedtime story for Lennie seems to describe not a little farm that they might buy, but the heaven someone might go to in their afterlife. As Lennie begs George â€Å"Leà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s do it now. Leà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s go to that place now†, and George replies â€Å"Sure, right now. I gotta. We gotta†, and then pulls the trigger, the pair seem at peace with themselves, and each other. George knows what he is doing is right, and he knows that Lennie would agree if he had the time to explain his reasoning to him. If Lennie could comprehend the reasoning behind Georgeà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s actions, he would realise that George was taking Candyà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s unknowingly offered advice: â€Å"I ought to of shot that dog myself, George. I shouldnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t ought to have let no stranger shoot my dog.† The American dream is very common in 1930’s America, it seems that every character in Steinbecks novel has a dream which all of them are unlikely to achieve. The world of the migrant workers in the 1930s, during the Great Depression, was monotonous and lonely. Generally speaking there was a lack of realistic ambition for the workers. The conditions in which they lived were cramped and unhygienic and encouraged prejudice and a lack of respect towards everyone. I think that Steinbeck’s novel paints an accurate picture of life and culture in 1930’s America.   

How to Stay Productive As the Summer Drags On

How to Stay Productive As the Summer Drags On After a long harsh winter of being stuck inside; summer is known as the season of outdoors fun. Productivity and focus on work is always a struggle during this time. We catch ourselves day dreaming of being outside; going to the beach or taking a walk in the park. But it is hard to enjoy the rays of sunshine while being stuck at work. Here are 8 tips on how to fight the summer productivity slump. Source [Wrike]

Definition and Examples of Interrupting Phrases

Definition and Examples of Interrupting Phrases Its a playful device favored by bloggers, diarists, and (woo hoo!) the staff writers at Entertainment Weekly. But nowget ready for itthe interrupting phrase is popping up in more formal kinds of writing as well. Unlike appositives and conventional modifiers, which rename or qualify other words in a sentence, the contemporary interrupter is a (nerd alert) metadiscursive trick. The writer pauses to address the reader directly and signal her feelings about the news shes reporting. Consider these examples from a recent issue of EW: Not only does Amanda have anxiety attacks tonight, but Ella tries to beyucksweet.Travesty: Wilhelmina has a perforated ulcer. Bigger travesty: At the hospital she has abrace yourselfroommate.Tara barely had time to register that Franklin would still be alivehooray!before Sookie had her and Alcide helping to wrap Bill in a tarp so they could move him.The press release (its real!): Peter Yarrow of Peter Paul and Mary teams up with CBS to release The Colonoscopy Song. The interrupter can be the verbal equivalent of a wink, a smirk, or a smack to the forehead. It may be a single word (usually an interjection), a lengthy clause, oryou guessed itsomething in between. You can slip one in parenthetically (like this), or use dashes to call attention to it cowabunga!like that. But this intrusive maneuver isnt limited to the pop-culture press. One sign of the convergence of journalism and blogging is the growing presence of interrupters in upscale newspapers: Cash funds offered by the Pru (named Cash Haven Trust, would you believe?) and Clerical Medical also lost money because they were exposed to mortgage debt.(Paul Farrow, Good Fund Investors Must Look Beyond the Name. The Daily Telegraph [UK], August 16, 2010)So lets beat back this unnecessary, unfair andlets not mince wordscruel attack on working Americans. Big cuts in Social Security should not be on the table.(Paul Krugman, Attacking Social Security. The New York Times, August 15, 2010)No such problemhooray!at the Tories forthcoming party conference, which promises a Pride dinner in Birmingham followed by a disco at Nightingales, Brums premier gay nightclub.(Stephen Bates, Diary. The Guardian [UK], August 11, 2010)Ironically, Odgen Jr. was the only one of the five children who got to live the life he wanted. (He was also the only one to marryhappily, go figureto a wealthy railroad widow who left him a huge fortune when she died six years after the wedding in 1910.)(Yvonne Abraham, A House Full of Tales. The Boston Globe, August 1, 2010) Along with the crafty use of fragments, contractions, and the pronouns I and you, interrupters can add a more conversational, down-home flavor to our prose. But as with any potentially distracting device (teacher is talking), lets not overwork them.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems Coursework

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems - Coursework Example These systems pool information sources from marketing, sales, customer service, sales and accounting databases to create one comprehensive tool. First, is the operation CRM systems, they focus on software applications integrating disconnected data sets in a business. The system has the capability to focus on customers and provide information from multiple databases on a single platform. The business employees can then provide quick service to the customer without need for many software tools to collect customer information. Another type of CRM system is the analytical CRM. It focuses on gleaning the perception of the customer from the available data in a business. These systems can use data mining to look for patterns and trends and can solve customer problems by focusing on widespread problems. Last but not least, we have collaborative CRM systems that move outside the business to include external contacts such as suppliers, vendors and distributors. The system allows businesses bring additional data to their customers’ service. They make the information available to the customers by use of a website or extranet. The main intent is to enable users work interactively with a business to improve service provision (Dyche 2001) OpenData by Socrata is a sample CRM system that is online. From my observation, this CRM maintains clients’ records and activities. For instance, it captures clients’ information from several sources, such as, an entry form, Google maps and discussion boards. It then harmonizes this information and presents it in a tabular form. Additionally OpenData CRM has the functionality of editing that available information and adding more information. In the available classification, OpenData CRM falls under the operational CRM system category. This is because it focuses on applications that integrate disconnected data sets and focus on